Переезд и программы «золотой визы»

Burkina Faso

Africa

Burkina Faso does not operate a formal residency-by-investment or citizenship-by-investment programme.

Burkina Faso is currently under a military transitional government following coups in 2022. The country faces a serious jihadist insurgency across large...

Czech Republic

Europe

The Czech Republic does not operate a formal golden visa or residency-by-investment programme in the traditional sense. EU/EEA/Swiss citizens have free movement rights. Non-EU nationals may obtain a long-term residence permit (over 1 year) or permanent residence after 5 years of continuous legal residence. There is a business/trade licence route (živnostenský list) that allows non-EU nationals to establish a business and apply for a long-term visa, but it does not guarantee residency and is subject to standard immigration scrutiny. No direct investment-for-residency threshold exists under Czech law as of 2025.

Czech Republic is an EU member state. EU citizens relocate freely. Non-EU nationals typically require a long-term visa or residence permit tied to...

Estonia

Europe

Estonia does not operate a traditional golden visa or residency-by-investment programme granting permanent residency or citizenship in exchange for passive financial investment. Estonia does offer a Startup Visa for founders of innovative startups and a Digital Nomad Visa for remote workers, but neither constitutes an investment-migration programme in the conventional sense. The country's e-Residency programme grants a government-issued digital identity and access to Estonian company formation but does not confer the right to reside in Estonia.

EU/EEA citizens may reside and work in Estonia without restriction under EU freedom of movement. Non-EU nationals can apply for a temporary residence permit...

Iceland

Europe

Iceland does not operate a formal golden visa or residency-by-investment programme. EEA/EFTA nationals have free movement rights, but there is no specific investment-based residency track for non-EEA nationals analogous to golden visa schemes found in other European jurisdictions.

Non-EEA nationals seeking residency in Iceland must qualify under standard immigration categories such as employment, family reunification, or study....

Latvia

Europe

Latvia's residency-by-investment (golden visa) programme was officially terminated on 1 July 2023. The programme, which had allowed non-EU nationals to obtain temporary residence permits through real estate purchases or capital investment, was closed by the Latvian government. No new applications are accepted under the former scheme. Latvia does not currently operate a formal residency- or citizenship-by-investment programme.

Latvia is an EU member state and Schengen Area country. EU/EEA/Swiss nationals may reside and work freely. Non-EU nationals may apply for residence permits...

Mali

Africa

Mali does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment programme. There is no established residency-by-investment scheme available to foreign nationals.

Mali is classified as a high-risk country due to ongoing security threats from armed groups and terrorism, particularly in northern and central regions. The...

Peru

Latin America

Peru does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment programme. However, foreign nationals may obtain temporary or permanent residency by demonstrating sufficient economic ties, including through investment in local businesses or real estate, under general immigration law (Legislative Decree No. 1350). There is no specific minimum investment threshold marketed as a golden visa scheme.

Peru offers various residency categories for foreigners including investor, rentier, and worker visas administered by Migraciones (Superintendencia Nacional...

Senegal

Africa

Senegal does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship/residency-by-investment programme. Foreign nationals may obtain long-term residency through standard work, business, or family visa pathways governed by the Direction Générale des Étrangers under the Ministry of Interior. There is no legislated minimum investment threshold that confers automatic residency or citizenship rights as of 2024–2025.

Foreign nationals relocating to Senegal typically apply for a long-stay visa (visa de long séjour) at a Senegalese embassy abroad, followed by registration...

Serbia

Europe

Serbia does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment programme in the EU/international sense. Foreign nationals may obtain temporary residence permits by registering a company, purchasing real estate, or demonstrating sufficient means of support, but no minimum investment threshold guarantees a residence permit by right, and there is no pathway to citizenship purely through investment.

Serbia offers a flat personal income tax rate of 10% and a favorable entrepreneurial tax regime with low flat-rate contributions for sole traders...

Togo

Africa

Togo does not operate a formal residency-by-investment or citizenship-by-investment (golden visa) programme as of 2024–2025. Foreign investors may apply for long-stay visas and residence permits through standard immigration channels, but there is no dedicated investment-migration scheme offering expedited residency or citizenship in exchange for capital deployment.

Foreign nationals wishing to reside in Togo must apply for a long-stay visa and subsequently a residence permit through the Togolese immigration authorities...

Tunisia

Africa

Tunisia does not operate a formal residency-by-investment or citizenship-by-investment programme. Foreign nationals may obtain residency permits through employment, business establishment, or property ownership under general immigration rules, but there is no dedicated investment-migration pathway with a defined minimum capital threshold.

Foreign nationals can obtain a residency card (carte de séjour) valid for one year and renewable, typically linked to employment contracts, registered...

Philippines

Southeast Asia

The Philippines offers two main residency-by-investment pathways. The Special Investor's Resident Visa (SIRV), administered by the Board of Investments, requires a minimum investment of USD 75,000 into BOI-registered or Philippine Stock Exchange-listed equities and grants indefinite residency. The Special Resident Retiree's Visa (SRRV), managed by the Philippine Retirement Authority, was revised effective September 1, 2025, with eligibility lowered to age 40 (from 50 previously). Under the SRRV Classic scheme, deposit requirements range from USD 15,000 (age 50+, pensioner) to USD 50,000 (age 40–49, non-pensioner); the SRRV Courtesy scheme for former Filipinos has much lower minimums starting at USD 1,500. SRRV holders gain indefinite, multiple-entry residency without annual renewal. Neither program confers citizenship. The SIRV is the closer equivalent to traditional "golden visa" programs and requires active investment rather than a bank deposit.

The Philippine Constitution caps foreign ownership of shares in most domestic corporations at 40%, though 100% foreign ownership is permitted in many...

Lithuania

Europe

Lithuania does not offer a passive real-estate-based Golden Visa programme. Foreign nationals may obtain a temporary residence permit by investing in or establishing an active Lithuanian business. The minimum qualifying investment threshold starts at approximately EUR 14,000 (baseline Investment Residency tier) and rises to EUR 28,000 (Entrepreneur Visa), EUR 50,000 (standard business investment tier), or over EUR 1.4 million for special large-scale project agreements under Article 45 of Lithuania's Law on the Legal Status of Aliens. Applicants must register a company, actively participate in its management, hire Lithuanian employees, and pay social security contributions. A Startup Visa route also exists for innovative founders and requires a validated business concept rather than a fixed capital threshold. Temporary residence permits are granted for two years (renewable). The path to permanent residence requires several years of continuous residence, and citizenship eligibility requires a minimum of ten years of lawful residence. Real estate purchase alone does not qualify an applicant for any residency route.

Lithuania is an EU and Schengen Area member state. EU/EEA/Swiss nationals may reside and work freely. Non-EU nationals may apply for residence through...

Pakistan

South Asia

Pakistan does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment programme. Foreign nationals can apply for a Business Investor Visa (3-5 years, renewable) by demonstrating investment in Pakistan through real estate ownership valued at USD 100,000 or more, investment in a Pakistan-registered company of at least USD 50,000, or a foreign currency bank balance in Pakistan of at least USD 50,000. After five years of continuous legal residence and demonstrated proficiency in an official language, a path to citizenship application exists. Pakistan's Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC), established in June 2023, created an SIFC Investor Visa to facilitate foreign entrepreneurs.

Foreign investors can participate in the Pakistan Stock Exchange through a Special Convertible Rupee Account (SCRA), which allows free repatriation of...

Bangladesh

South Asia

Bangladesh offers an investor visa programme administered by the Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA). Foreign nationals who invest a minimum of USD 100,000 in a Bangladeshi company (with at least USD 75,000 physically remitted through banking channels) are eligible to apply for an investor visa. The initial visa is granted for up to one year with single, double, or multiple entries, and can be extended for up to five years by the Department of Immigration and Passport. Permanent residency is available for investments of USD 200,000 or more, remaining valid as long as the investment is maintained. Foreign investors may pursue naturalisation after five years of continuous lawful residence. The programme is administered through BIDA's single-window service for investment clearances.

Foreign nationals may invest in Bangladeshi listed equities by opening a Non-Resident Investor's Taka Account (NITA) with an authorised custodian bank (such...

Brazil

Latin America

Brazil offers a residency-by-investment program under two frameworks: the VIPER (Permanent Residency Investor Visa), established under Resolution 36/2018 and operationalized by the Ministry of Tourism in 2025, and the VITEM IX temporary investor visa. Under the VIPER real estate pathway, the minimum investment is BRL 1,000,000 (approximately USD 200,000) for properties in the South, Southeast, and Center-West regions, or BRL 700,000 (approximately USD 140,000) for the North and Northeast regions. For business investment through company formation, the minimum is BRL 500,000 (approximately USD 100,000), reduced to BRL 150,000 (approximately USD 30,000) if the investment is in technology or innovation sectors with an approved business plan. The VIPER grants permanent residency directly, and citizenship can be applied for after four years of residency. There is no citizenship-by-investment program offering direct passport without residency.

Brazil has no general statutory prohibition on foreign ownership of listed equities on B3. Non-resident investors (individuals and institutions) may invest...

Kenya

Africa

Kenya offers a Class G Investor Permit for foreign investors who invest a minimum of USD 100,000 in a registered Kenyan business. The permit is renewable every two years and allows the holder and dependents to live and work in Kenya. After continuous legal residence, investors may apply for permanent residency; the pathway to citizenship requires a minimum 7-year residence period and satisfaction of other conditions under the Kenya Citizenship and Immigration Act. There is no formal citizenship-by-investment programme comparable to European golden visa schemes.

Foreign investors may freely purchase shares on the NSE through a licensed stockbroker after opening a Central Depository and Settlement Corporation (CDSC)...

Sri Lanka

South Asia

Sri Lanka launched the Golden Paradise Residence Visa Program to attract foreign investment. Under the Individual Investor Category, a minimum investment of USD 100,000 qualifies for a 5-year renewable residence visa, while a USD 200,000 investment qualifies for a 10-year visa (extendable for a further 5 years). Permitted investments include purchase of immovable property, opening a Sri Lankan-registered business, holding at least 10% of a listed company's voting shares, or investing in Sri Lankan government bonds or Central Bank securities with a minimum 5-year maturity. Investors must open an Inward Investment Account (IIA) with a licensed commercial bank. The visa covers the main applicant, spouse, and dependants, with an annual fee of USD 200 per person. The programme does not grant citizenship but provides a renewable residency pathway.

Foreign nationals may purchase listed equity on the Colombo Stock Exchange by opening a Foreign Individual (FI) account with the Central Depository System...

Vietnam

Southeast Asia

Vietnam introduced a residency-by-investment (Golden Visa) program in 2025 with three categories: an Investor Visa (10-year renewable residency with permanent residency available after 5 years of maintained investment), a Golden Visa for economic contributors to tourism (5-10 years), and a Talent Visa for skilled professionals (5 years). The minimum investment threshold is approximately $120,000 USD (VND 3 billion). As of mid-2026 the program was in a pilot phase across key locations including Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, and Phu Quoc, with full national rollout pending final enactment of enabling legislation.

Foreign individuals can invest in listed Vietnamese equities but are subject to Foreign Ownership Limits (FOLs). The general default cap is 49% of total...

Malaysia

Southeast Asia

Malaysia's primary long-term residency program for foreigners is the Malaysia My Second Home (MM2H) programme, administered by the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture. The programme was revamped in 2023 into three tiers: Silver (5-year renewable, minimum fixed deposit of approximately USD 150,000 plus property purchase of at least MYR 600,000), Gold (15-year renewable, approximately USD 500,000 deposit plus MYR 1,000,000 property), and Platinum (20-year renewable, approximately USD 1,000,000 deposit plus MYR 2,000,000 property). A Special Economic Zone pathway exists with lower thresholds (approximately USD 32,000–65,000 depending on age). All tiers require a minimum stay of 90 cumulative days per year, a Malaysian medical check-up, and valid Malaysian medical insurance. MM2H is a residency visa, not a pathway to citizenship.

Foreign nationals can generally invest in Bursa Malaysia-listed stocks without restriction on most equities. To trade directly on Bursa Malaysia, a...

Colombia

Latin America

Colombia offers a Resident Investor Visa (M-10 for real estate and M-6 for business investment) that grants temporary residency and can lead to permanent residency after five consecutive years. As of 2026, the real estate investment threshold is set at 350 times the monthly minimum wage (SMMLV), equivalent to approximately USD 153,000–160,000 depending on the exchange rate. The business investment visa (M-6) requires a lower threshold of around 100 SMMLV, equivalent to approximately USD 35,000–38,000. Colombia does not offer a direct citizenship-by-investment program; naturalization requires meeting residency requirements. The prior pathway to instant permanent residency for real estate investors was eliminated by Resolution 5477. Foreign investors holding the M-10 visa must maintain that status for five years before applying for the Resident (R) Visa.

Colombia generally imposes no blanket foreign ownership limits on BVC-listed stocks; foreigners may acquire shares in listed companies without special...

Malta

Europe

Malta operates the Malta Permanent Residence Programme (MPRP), a Golden Visa scheme for non-EU/EEA nationals. Applicants must purchase qualifying residential property (minimum €375,000 in Malta/Gozo, or €300,000 in South Malta/Gozo under updated thresholds) or rent (minimum €14,000/year), make a government contribution of €37,000 (or €60,000 if renting under 2025 fee structure), and donate €2,000 to a registered Maltese NGO. Applicants must demonstrate capital assets of at least €500,000 (with €150,000 in financial assets) and hold EU-wide health insurance. Successful applicants and their families (including spouse, dependent children, parents, and grandparents up to four generations) receive permanent residency in Malta with Schengen Area visa-free travel for 90 days in any 180-day period; no minimum physical stay requirement applies after the initial period. Malta's Citizenship by Investment (MEIN) programme was struck down by the European Court of Justice on 29 April 2025 as incompatible with EU law and has been discontinued. A merit-based naturalisation route (Citizenship by Merit) exists under Article 10(9) of the Maltese Citizenship Act (Cap. 188) for individuals making exceptional contributions to Malta or humanity, but it carries no fixed financial threshold and is granted at ministerial discretion following rigorous due diligence.

Malta is an EU and Schengen member with English as an official language, making integration straightforward for international residents. The country offers...

Qatar

Middle East

Qatar operates a Premium Residency (Golden Visa) program with two primary investment tiers. A lower tier grants renewable temporary residency (up to 5 years, renewable) for property purchases of at least QAR 730,000 (approximately USD 200,000) in designated foreign-ownership zones such as Lusail City, The Pearl, and other approved areas. A higher tier grants permanent residency for property investments of at least QAR 3.65 million (approximately USD 1 million), though permanent residency approvals are capped at 100 per year. In 2025, Qatar also launched a 10-year entrepreneur and executive residency program offering two five-year renewable pathways via Invest Qatar for qualified business founders and senior executives. Property title deeds and residency visas are reportedly issued within days of completing registration.

Foreign nationals (non-GCC citizens) may own shares in QSE-listed companies up to a maximum of 49% of a company's equity in non-strategic sectors, subject...

Taiwan

East Asia

Taiwan offers an investment-based residency pathway but does not market it as a formal "golden visa." The Investment Resident Visa requires a minimum capital investment of approximately USD 200,000 in an active Taiwanese business, investment fund, or qualifying economic activity. Holders must reside in Taiwan for at least 183 days per year to maintain the permit. Dependents may obtain derivative residency. A higher-tier program, the Alien Permanent Resident Certificate (APRC), informally called the "Plum Blossom Card," grants immediate permanent residency for substantial investors committing approximately USD 480,000 or more, without an annual residence-day requirement. Applications are processed by the National Immigration Agency, typically within 8 working days for domestic applicants.

Foreign investors (FINIs — Foreign Institutional Investors, and FIDIs — Foreign Individual Investors) may generally invest in TWSE-listed equities without...

Mexico

Latin America

Mexico does not have a formal "golden visa" or citizenship-by-investment program. However, Mexico's immigration law allows foreign nationals to qualify for temporary or permanent residency through financial solvency criteria. Routes include: demonstrating a minimum monthly net income (approximately MXN 54,700/month for temporary residency or higher for permanent residency), holding a minimum savings/investment balance (approximately USD 218,000 for permanent residency), owning Mexican real estate above a threshold value (roughly USD 218,000–437,000 depending on the calculation method), or making a capital investment of at least approximately USD 280,000 in a Mexican company as a registered shareholder. Thresholds are periodically updated based on the UMA (Unidad de Medida y Actualización) index. After five years of continuous legal residency, foreign nationals may apply for Mexican citizenship through naturalization.

Foreign investors face few restrictions on purchasing equities listed on the BMV. Mexico's Foreign Investment Law permits foreigners to hold up to 100% of...

Morocco

Africa

Morocco does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment program. Foreign investors may obtain renewable residency permits through substantial real estate purchases (approximately MAD 2-3 million, roughly $200,000-330,000) or through establishing a business with a minimum capital investment of approximately MAD 1 million. The process requires submitting documentation to the Bureau des Etrangers and typically takes 3-12 months, resulting in a one-year renewable residency permit. Permanent residency follows after an extended period of legal residency, and citizenship requires at least 5 years of continuous legal residency, Arabic language proficiency, and demonstration of cultural integration, with historically low acceptance rates.

Foreign nationals may freely invest in shares listed on the Bourse de Casablanca with no ownership limits below 40 percent (above which takeover bid rules...

Egypt

Africa / Middle East

Egypt operates a Citizenship by Investment (CBI) program, formally enacted in 2019 and updated in 2023. Foreign nationals can obtain Egyptian citizenship by choosing one of four routes: (1) a non-refundable contribution of USD 250,000 to the Egyptian state treasury; (2) purchase of real estate valued at USD 300,000 or more; (3) a business investment of at least USD 350,000 plus a USD 100,000 non-refundable deposit; or (4) a refundable bank deposit of USD 500,000 held for three years. Real estate and business investments must be maintained for at least five years. The program is administered by the General Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI). No minimum residency requirement applies; however, at least one in-person visit to Egypt during processing is required. Processing typically takes six to twelve months.

Foreign investors face virtually no ownership restrictions on EGX-listed equities; foreigners may own up to 100% of listed shares in most companies. Two...

Hungary

Europe

Hungary closed its previous 'residency bond' programme in 2017. A new Guest Investor Programme (Vendégbefektetői Program) was introduced in 2024 under Act LX of 2024, offering residency permits to non-EU nationals who invest a minimum of EUR 250,000 in approved Hungarian real estate investment funds, EUR 500,000 in direct real estate purchase, or donate EUR 1,000,000 to a Hungarian higher education institution. The programme grants a 10-year renewable residency permit. It does not provide a direct path to citizenship, which requires a separate long-term residency and naturalization process.

EU citizens may reside and work in Hungary freely under EU freedom of movement rules. Non-EU nationals may apply under the Guest Investor Programme (2024)...

Bulgaria

Europe

Bulgaria operates a Residence by Investment programme under the Foreign Nationals and Permanent Residence in the Republic of Bulgaria Act. Non-EU nationals can obtain permanent residency by investing at least BGN 2,000,000 (approximately EUR 1,022,000) in shares of a Bulgarian Stock Exchange-listed company involved in a Certified Priority Investment Project, or approximately BGN 500,000 (approximately EUR 255,645) in qualifying business investments creating at least 10 jobs. Investment through authorised collective investment schemes (venture capital funds) targeting Bulgarian assets is also a qualifying route. In March 2024, Bulgaria joined the Schengen Area (air and sea borders), making Bulgarian permanent residency more attractive as it allows visa-free travel across the Schengen zone. The programme grants permanent residency rather than citizenship. Bulgaria abolished a separate 'golden passport' (citizenship-by-investment) scheme in 2022 following EU Commission pressure.

Bulgaria is an EU and Schengen member state (full Schengen since March 2024). EU/EEA citizens may reside and work freely. Non-EU nationals require a visa or...

Jordan

Middle East

Jordan offers two investment-migration pathways administered by the Jordan Investment Commission. The Golden Residence Visa grants a five-year renewable residence permit to investors who purchase real estate valued at a minimum of JOD 200,000 (approximately $282,000). Separately, Jordan's Citizenship by Investment Program (CIP), which was overhauled in 2025, offers a pathway to naturalization through multiple investment routes starting at $750,000, with an annual government cap of 500 approvals. The 2025 reforms restructured the CIP from three categories into eight pathways emphasizing active business investment and job creation over passive instruments such as bank deposits.

Jordan permits foreign nationals to own real estate and listed securities without an ownership cap; non-Jordanian investors held approximately 48% of total...

Kazakhstan

Central Asia

Kazakhstan launched a formal Golden Visa program effective May 10, 2025, with applications open from June 1, 2025. The flagship A6 visa requires a minimum investment of USD 300,000 in the charter capital of Kazakhstani companies or in locally listed publicly traded securities; real estate, government bonds, and bank deposits are not qualifying investment categories. The program grants 10-year residency with access to healthcare, social security, and other state benefits. A separate pathway via the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) Investment Tax Residency Programme allows a 5-year visa upon investing USD 60,000 in AIX-listed securities, with tax residency available after 90 days of physical presence. Citizenship is not directly granted; standard naturalisation requires at least five years of continuous legal residency.

Foreign nationals may invest in KASE-listed securities but must do so through a licensed Kazakhstani brokerage firm or register directly with KASE or the...

Cyprus

Europe

Cyprus cancelled its Citizenship by Investment Programme (CIP) in November 2020 following EU scrutiny. A Permanent Residency by Investment programme (Category F / Fast-Track PR) remains in operation: non-EU nationals may obtain permanent residency by purchasing real estate with a minimum market value of €300,000 (plus VAT). The permit is permanent but does not automatically confer citizenship. A separate standard long-term residency route is available for those demonstrating sufficient financial means without an investment threshold.

Cyprus is an English-speaking EU member state with a well-established expat community, relatively low crime, and a Mediterranean climate. Non-domiciled...

Bahrain

Middle East

Bahrain launched its Golden Residency Visa programme in 2022, originally targeting high-net-worth property investors, skilled professionals, and retirees. In December 2025, Bahrain reduced the real estate investment threshold by 35%, lowering it from BHD 200,000 (approximately $530,000) to BHD 130,000 (approximately $345,000). The visa grants a 10-year renewable residency and includes work flexibility, unlimited entry, family sponsorship, and full business ownership rights. Applications are processed through the Nationality, Passports, and Residence Affairs (NPRA) portal within 5-10 working days. Eligibility also extends to professionals earning at least BHD 2,000/month with 5 years Bahrain service, retirees with pensions above BHD 2,000, and entrepreneurs or individuals with recognised contributions to the national economy.

Bahrain is one of the most open GCC economies for foreign investment. The 2025 Foreign Direct Investment reforms (Decree-Law No. 38 of 2025) allow 100%...

Indonesia

Southeast Asia

Indonesia launched a Golden Visa program in 2024 offering 5-year or 10-year residency permits to foreign investors. Investment options include government bonds, bank deposits, or publicly listed company shares (minimum USD 350,000 for a 5-year visa; USD 700,000 for a 10-year visa). Establishing a local company requires USD 2.5 million (5-year) or USD 5 million (10-year). A separate Nusantara (IKN) Golden Visa for the new capital region requires USD 5 million (5-year) or USD 10 million (10-year). By September 2025 over 1,000 residency permits had been issued under the program. The existing Investor KITAS (Limited Stay Permit) remains a parallel route for foreign investors actively establishing or investing in an Indonesian PT PMA company. Neither program confers citizenship.

Foreign investors may purchase shares of publicly listed companies on the IDX without the foreign ownership restrictions that apply to direct business...

Mauritius

Africa

Mauritius offers two main investment-migration pathways. The traditional route grants permanent residency through investment of at least USD 375,000 in an approved real estate scheme (IRS, RES, PDS, Smart City, Invest Hotel Scheme, or G+2 apartments); only one day of physical presence per year is required to maintain this status. In May 2026, Mauritius announced plans for a new premium Golden Visa targeting high-net-worth individuals requiring a USD 1 million commitment (within 12 months) in qualifying sectors such as fintech, AI, biotechnology, renewable energy, and global treasury, with fast-track processing of approximately 5 working days.

Foreign investors face virtually no restrictions on portfolio investment in SEM-listed companies, except that approval is required for acquisitions...

Türkiye (Turkey)

Europe / Middle East

Turkey offers a Citizenship by Investment program (commonly called a golden passport rather than a residency visa), which grants Turkish citizenship to qualifying investors and their immediate families. The minimum investment for real estate acquisition is $400,000 USD, with a three-year hold period. Alternative routes include a minimum $500,000 deposit in a Turkish bank or investment in government bonds, venture capital funds, or real estate investment trusts of at least $500,000 USD, or creation of at least 50 jobs. The process typically takes three to six months. Turkey permits dual citizenship, so applicants may retain their original nationality if their home country allows it. No minimum residency period is required before or after obtaining citizenship.

There are generally no restrictions on foreign portfolio investors owning shares listed on Borsa Istanbul; foreign individuals and legal entities may hold...

Greece

Europe

Greece operates a Residency by Investment (Golden Visa) program established under Law 4146/2013 and subsequently amended. As of 2024–2025, the minimum real-estate investment threshold is EUR 800,000 for high-demand zones (Attica/Athens, Thessaloniki, and popular islands including Mykonos and Santorini) and EUR 400,000 for all other regions, provided the property is a single asset of at least 120 sq m. A EUR 250,000 threshold remains available only for commercial-to-residential property conversions and for investment in Greek startups. Non-real-estate routes include a EUR 400,000 term deposit in a Greek bank, EUR 400,000 in Greek government bonds, EUR 400,000 in shares of a company registered in Greece, or EUR 800,000 in listed shares or corporate bonds. The permit is valid for five years and is renewable indefinitely provided the investment is maintained. It grants the right of residence in Greece and freedom of movement within the Schengen Area but does not confer the right to work in Greece. Citizenship can be applied for after seven years of continuous legal residence.

Greece imposes no restrictions on foreign ownership of publicly listed equities on Euronext Athens. Foreign investors can hold shares outright, though EU...

Romania

Europe

Romania passed draft legislation in 2025 proposing a residency-by-investment programme requiring a minimum investment of EUR 400,000 in one of four eligible asset classes: Romanian government bonds with a minimum five-year maturity; residential or commercial real estate; units in FSA-authorised investment funds; or shares in Romanian-listed companies. The proposed permit would be issued for five years and is renewable, with no minimum annual stay requirement. After five years, holders may apply for permanent residency, and thereafter may pursue Romanian citizenship under Law no. 21/1991. The programme was in the legislative drafting and parliamentary approval process as of late 2025 and had not yet entered into force.

Romania is an EU member state and imposes no restrictions on EU/EEA citizens acquiring property or investing. Non-EU nationals may purchase real estate...

Argentina

Latin America

Argentina enacted a Citizenship by Investment framework under Decree 524/2025 (July 2025), making it the first South American country to offer direct citizenship in exchange for qualifying investment. The Agency for Citizenship by Investment Programs (APCI), under the Ministry of Economy, oversees the program. Qualifying sectors include renewable energy, agribusiness, technology, tourism, and infrastructure. A minimum investment threshold of approximately $500,000 USD in government-approved projects has been cited; the exact minimum was pending final regulatory publication as of early 2026. Applications were expected to open in late 2025 or early 2026 pending finalization of implementing regulations. Processing is required to be completed within 30 business days once applications are accepted. Prior Argentine residency is not required.

Argentina generally does not restrict foreign ownership of shares in Argentine companies. Under Law No. 21.382 (Foreign Investment Law) and subsequent...

Chile

Latin America

Chile offers a formal investor residency pathway for foreigners. The primary route requires a minimum investment of USD 500,000 approved by InvestChile (the government investment promotion agency) to obtain a temporary residence permit, which can convert to permanent residency after two years. A separate entrepreneur/business visa requires approximately USD 60,000 and the establishment of a company within three months of approval. A rentista visa is available for those with a stable passive income of at least USD 1,500 per month. After five years of continuous residency, applicants may be eligible for Chilean citizenship. There is no dedicated citizenship-by-investment (CBI) program — citizenship requires genuine residency.

Chile imposes virtually no restrictions on foreign ownership of publicly listed equities. There is no cap on foreign shareholding for most sectors;...

China

East Asia

China does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment program. China does offer a Permanent Residence Permit (informally called a 'Chinese green card') to foreign nationals, which can be obtained through qualifying direct investment in Chinese enterprises. Requirements vary by region; Yunnan province has publicized an investment pathway requiring a minimum of approximately USD 500,000 maintained in an approved business for three consecutive years. The permanent residence permit does not confer citizenship. The overall program is more restrictive and less formalized than golden visa schemes in Europe, and approvals have historically been rare.

Foreign investors can access Chinese A-shares (listed on SSE and SZSE) through two main channels: (1) the Qualified Foreign Investor (QFI/QFII) regime,...

Tanzania

Africa

Tanzania does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment programme. The Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) issues investment certificates and Residence Permits (Class B – investor category) to qualifying foreign investors who meet minimum capital thresholds (generally USD 500,000 for foreign investors, USD 100,000 for Tanzanian diaspora), but this is a standard investor-residency permit administered under immigration law, not a marketed investment-migration scheme. There is no direct route to citizenship through investment.

Foreign nationals may obtain a Residence Permit Class B (Investor) through the Tanzania Investment Centre upon meeting minimum capital requirements and...

Thailand

Southeast Asia

Thailand does not offer a formal citizenship-by-investment program. Two long-term residency pathways exist for foreign investors. The Long-Term Resident (LTR) Visa, launched in 2022 by the Board of Investment, grants a 10-year renewable visa to Wealthy Global Citizens who invest at least USD 500,000 in Thai government bonds, equities, or property. LTR holders may also obtain a work permit and receive an exemption from Thai personal income tax on foreign-sourced income remitted to Thailand. Separately, the Thailand Privilege Card (formerly Thailand Elite Visa) offers a Privilege Entry Visa valid for 5, 10, or 20 years in exchange for a one-time membership fee starting at approximately THB 900,000 (roughly USD 25,000) for the 5-year tier; it does not confer work rights. Neither program provides a pathway to permanent residency or citizenship under current law.

Thailand imposes foreign ownership limits on most SET-listed companies, typically capping foreign shareholding at 49% (lower for certain sectors such as...

Portugal

Europe

Portugal's Golden Visa (ARI - Autorização de Residência para Atividade de Investimento) was restructured in late 2023, removing direct real estate purchase as an eligible route. As of 2025-2026, qualifying investment routes include: subscription of at least EUR 500,000 in eligible Portuguese-regulated venture capital or private equity funds; transfer of at least EUR 500,000 into scientific research activities; transfer of at least EUR 250,000 supporting arts and culture or national heritage conservation; or creation of at least 10 permanent jobs in Portugal. Approved applicants receive a 2-year renewable residence permit requiring only 7 days of physical presence in Portugal per year in the first period and 14 days per subsequent 2-year period. After 5 years of legal residence (extended to 10 years for citizenship in most cases under 2024 legislative changes), holders may apply for permanent residence. The program has attracted significant interest from Brazilian, Chinese, and US nationals.

Portugal imposes no general foreign ownership restrictions on publicly listed equities; foreign residents and non-residents alike may freely buy and sell...

United Arab Emirates

Middle East

The UAE Golden Visa is a long-term residency program (10-year renewable) that does not confer citizenship. Real estate investors can qualify with a property purchase of at least AED 2 million (approximately USD 545,000) at the DLD-registered value; mortgaged properties qualify based on the full registered value since a 2026 rule update. A shorter 5-year residency is available for investors aged 55 and above with a minimum AED 1 million property investment. Business investors, entrepreneurs, skilled professionals, scientists, and outstanding students also have separate pathways. Spouses and dependent children can be sponsored under the main applicant's Golden Visa. The visa does not require a minimum number of days spent in the UAE to maintain residency status.

Foreign nationals, including non-residents, may invest in stocks listed on the ADX and DFM subject to registration with a licensed UAE broker and obtaining...

South Africa

Africa

South Africa does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment programme. However, two immigration routes exist for high-net-worth individuals. The Financially Independent Permit requires demonstrating a minimum net worth of ZAR 12 million (approximately USD 640,000–820,000 depending on exchange rate) and payment of a ZAR 120,000 application fee; it grants direct permanent residency without requiring active investment in South Africa. Separately, a Business Investment Visa requires investing at least ZAR 5 million (approximately USD 270,000) in a South African business and creating employment for South African citizens; it initially grants a 3-year temporary residence permit, renewable, with permanent residency eligibility after approximately five years of operating the business.

There are no general foreign-ownership caps on JSE-listed equities; foreign investors may freely hold shares in most listed South African companies....

Oman

Middle East

Oman launched its Golden Residency programme on 31 August 2025, offering renewable 5-year and 10-year residency permits to qualifying foreign investors under seven investment routes. The minimum investment threshold for the 5-year Silver Visa is OMR 250,000 (approximately USD 650,000), achievable through real estate purchase, listed equity investment meeting the threshold, fixed bank deposits of at least 5-year term, or company establishment. The 10-year Golden Visa requires a minimum OMR 500,000 (approximately USD 1.3 million) investment in a limited liability or joint-stock company, equivalent real estate, or a company employing at least 50 Omani nationals. Holders receive fast-track airport access, the ability to include family members without age restrictions, and the right to own real estate beyond Integrated Tourism Complex zones subject to applicable limits. Permits are renewable provided qualifying conditions are maintained.

Foreign nationals may invest in MSX-listed equities through authorised brokerage firms registered with the Capital Market Authority (CMA). A foreign...

Saudi Arabia

Middle East

Saudi Arabia operates the Saudi Premium Residency program (informally called the Saudi Green Card), launched in 2019 and substantially expanded in early 2024 from two pathways to seven. The program grants foreign nationals the right to reside, work, own businesses, and own property without requiring a Saudi sponsor. Key investment pathways include: (1) Real Estate Investment — ownership of Saudi property valued at SAR 4 million (approx. USD 1.07 million) qualifies for residency; (2) Business Investment — a minimum investment of SAR 7 million (approx. USD 1.87 million) in a MISA-licensed business, plus creation of at least 10 Saudi jobs within two years, qualifies for permanent residency. Additional categories target entrepreneurs, exceptional talent, and skilled professionals. As of early 2026, Saudi Arabia was reported to be developing an ultra-high-net-worth track for individuals with a verified net worth of at least USD 30 million. Holders may bring immediate family members and can open local bank accounts.

Effective February 1, 2026, Saudi Arabia's Capital Market Authority (CMA) abolished the Qualified Foreign Investor (QFI) framework, opening Tadawul to all...

South Korea

East Asia

South Korea operates a residency-by-investment program that allows foreign nationals to obtain a long-term F-2 (거주) visa by investing in designated public funds or real estate in designated development zones. As of 2025, the minimum investment threshold for the public fund route was raised to KRW 1.5 billion (approximately USD 1.1–1.2 million), tripled from the prior KRW 500 million level effective 2023. Successful investors receive a renewable 2-year resident permit; after maintaining the investment and residency for 5 cumulative years, applicants may qualify for permanent residency (F-5 visa). South Korea does not offer a direct citizenship-by-investment program; citizenship through naturalization requires extended residency, Korean language proficiency, and renunciation of prior citizenship in most cases. The program was extended through at least April 2026.

Foreign investors face minimal restrictions on purchasing Korean equities. Aggregate foreign ownership ceilings were abolished in 1998. Sector-specific...

Kuwait

Middle East

In 2026, Kuwait introduced a long-term investor residency programme under Council of Ministers Resolution issued pursuant to Law No. 114 of 2024 on Residency of Foreigners. The programme is administered by the Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA) and allows eligible foreign investors licensed under KDIPA to obtain residency permits for up to 15 years. Eligible entities must maintain an investment value of no less than KWD 5 million (approx. USD 16.3 million) and a minimum capital of KWD 1 million (approx. USD 3.26 million) for approved investment activities. Entities must also maintain active operations in Kuwait and meet minimum Kuwaiti national employment requirements. This is a residency (not citizenship) programme tied to active licensed investment activity, not a passive real-estate purchase programme.

Kuwait does not offer a general residency-by-real-estate-purchase scheme. Residency for expatriates is typically tied to employer sponsorship (the kafala...

Benin

Africa

Benin does not operate a formal, codified golden visa or citizenship-by-investment programme as of 2025. ECOWAS citizens enjoy freedom of movement and residency rights within the bloc. Foreign nationals may obtain residency through standard immigration channels (work permit, business establishment, or long-stay visa), but no dedicated investment-migration scheme granting residency or citizenship in exchange for a minimum capital threshold has been officially legislated.

Foreign nationals wishing to reside in Benin typically apply for a long-stay visa or a carte de séjour (residency permit) through the Direction Générale de...

Botswana

Africa

Botswana does not operate a formal Golden Visa or citizenship-by-investment programme. Foreign nationals may apply for residence permits under the Immigration Act on grounds of employment, business investment, or retirement, but there is no dedicated investment-migration scheme with a minimum capital threshold granting automatic residency or citizenship.

Foreign nationals can apply for a work permit or investor residence permit through the Department of Immigration and Citizenship Services. There is no...

Croatia

Europe

Croatia does not operate a formal golden visa or residency-by-investment programme. Croatian immigration authorities have confirmed there is no fixed investment-linked automatic residence permit. Foreigners can obtain temporary residence through property ownership (allowing stays of up to 9 months per year for non-EU nationals), business registration (company formation), or the digital nomad visa. After five continuous years of legal residence, permanent residence may be applied for; citizenship requires eight years. The digital nomad visa was extended to up to three years under 2025 legislation. Some immigration consultancies market standard residence routes as investment migration products, but these are standard visa categories, not a structured golden visa scheme.

Croatia is an EU member state, so EU/EEA citizens have full freedom of movement and may purchase property, work, and reside without restriction. Non-EU...

Côte d'Ivoire

Africa

Côte d'Ivoire does not operate a formal residency-by-investment or citizenship-by-investment programme. Foreign nationals may obtain residency through standard visa and permit routes administered by the Office National de l'État Civil et de l'Identification (ONECI) and the Direction Générale de la Police Nationale. Long-stay visas and residence cards are available for investors and professionals upon meeting standard administrative criteria, but no dedicated investment-migration threshold or programme exists as of mid-2026.

Foreign nationals relocating to Côte d'Ivoire typically require a long-stay visa (visa de long séjour) obtained from an Ivoirian consulate prior to arrival,...

Ghana

Africa

Ghana does not operate a formal investment-migration or golden visa programme granting residency or citizenship in exchange for capital investment. Ghana does offer a Right of Abode certificate to persons of African descent in the diaspora under the Ghana Immigration Service, allowing indefinite stay, but this is not structured as an investment-migration scheme and does not require a minimum capital threshold. No programme equivalent to a standard golden visa exists as of 2024-2025.

Foreign nationals may reside in Ghana under standard visa and residence permit categories administered by the Ghana Immigration Service. A Residence Permit...

India

South Asia

India does not operate a golden visa, residency-by-investment, or citizenship-by-investment programme. Foreign nationals may obtain long-term visas (up to 10 years) for business purposes, but these are not tied to investment thresholds and do not confer permanent residency or a path to citizenship on the basis of capital deployment alone. OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) cards are available to persons of Indian origin from most countries, providing indefinite multiple-entry rights, but this is not an investment-based programme.

Foreign nationals can invest in Indian-listed equities through the SEBI Foreign Portfolio Investor (FPI) framework. To trade directly on NSE/BSE, a foreign...

Niger

Africa

Niger has no formal residency-by-investment or citizenship-by-investment programme.

Niger is classified as a fragile and conflict-affected state. The July 2023 military coup resulted in the suspension of constitutional order. ECOWAS...

Nigeria

Africa

Nigeria does not currently operate a formal golden visa or residency-by-investment programme. As of early 2026, a Citizenship by Investment (CBI) bill passed its second reading in Nigeria's House of Representatives in March 2025 and remains at committee stage. The bill has not yet been enacted and would still require Senate passage and ratification by at least 24 of 36 state assemblies. No minimum investment threshold has been officially disclosed. Foreign nationals may obtain business visas and residence permits through conventional immigration channels.

Nigeria imposes no nationality-based restrictions on portfolio investment in NGX-listed equities. Foreign individuals and institutions may freely buy and...

Poland

Europe

Poland does not offer a traditional golden visa (residency-by-investment through passive investment in real estate or government bonds). Instead, Poland has a business investor residency pathway under Article 142 of the Act on Foreigners (December 12, 2013), which grants a Temporary Residence Permit for Conducting Business Activity. To qualify, the applicant's company must either employ at least two Polish nationals or generate income at minimum 12 times the average monthly salary in Poland. This is a business activity permit, not a passive investment program. There is no minimum passive investment threshold comparable to a golden visa scheme.

Poland imposes no general foreign-ownership restrictions on publicly listed equities on the GPW for most sectors. Foreign individuals and entities may...

Slovakia

Europe

Slovakia does not operate a formal golden visa or residency-by-investment programme. As an EU and Schengen member state, residence permits for non-EU nationals are governed by standard immigration law and are not linked to specific investment thresholds in the way that dedicated investment-migration schemes operate. There is no citizenship-by-investment programme.

Non-EU nationals relocating to Slovakia must apply through standard immigration channels (employment, family reunification, or study visas). EU/EEA citizens...

Slovenia

Europe

Slovenia does not operate a formal golden visa or citizenship-by-investment programme. As an EU member state, third-country nationals may obtain temporary residence permits through standard pathways such as employment, self-employment, or family reunification. There is no dedicated investment-linked fast-track residency scheme comparable to golden visa programmes in other jurisdictions.

Slovenia is an EU/Schengen member state. EU/EEA citizens have the right of free movement and residence. Non-EU nationals must apply through standard...